Learn Everything about Dinosaurs with Storrent of Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History
Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History download storrent
If you are fascinated by dinosaurs and want to learn more about them, you might be interested in reading Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History by David E. Fastovsky and David B. Weishampel. This book is a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the scientific knowledge about these amazing creatures, written in an engaging and accessible style. In this article, I will tell you what this book is about, why you should read it, and how you can download it using storrent files.
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Introduction
What is Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History?
Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History is a book that covers the origin, evolution, diversity, ecology, paleobiology, and paleontology of dinosaurs. It is written by two experts in the field, David E. Fastovsky and David B. Weishampel, who have decades of experience in researching and teaching about dinosaurs. The book is divided into three parts, each consisting of several chapters that explore different aspects of dinosaur science. The book also features hundreds of illustrations, diagrams, maps, tables, and photographs that help explain the concepts and show the evidence.
Why should you read this book?
There are many reasons why you should read this book if you are interested in dinosaurs. Here are some of them:
The book is based on the latest scientific discoveries and theories about dinosaurs, so you can learn the most accurate and updated information.
The book is written in a clear and concise way, without jargon or technical terms, so you can understand the topics easily.
The book is full of examples, anecdotes, stories, and humor that make the reading enjoyable and entertaining.
The book is suitable for anyone who wants to learn more about dinosaurs, whether you are a student, a teacher, a hobbyist, or a professional.
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Main body
Chapter 1: The origin and evolution of dinosaurs
The first dinosaurs and their ancestors
The first dinosaurs appeared on Earth about 230 million years ago, during the Triassic period. They were not the dominant animals at that time, but rather a small and diverse group of reptiles that evolved from a common ancestor called archosaurs. Archosaurs were the first reptiles to have an upright posture and a hole in their skull behind the eye socket, which allowed them to have more powerful jaw muscles. Some of the early dinosaurs, such as Herrerasaurus and Eoraptor, were similar to archosaurs in many ways, but they had some distinctive features that set them apart, such as a hinge-like ankle joint and a longer femur than tibia.
The major groups of dinosaurs and their characteristics
As dinosaurs diversified and adapted to different environments, they split into two major groups: saurischians and ornithischians. Saurischians were the "lizard-hipped" dinosaurs, meaning that their pelvis was similar to that of modern lizards. They included two subgroups: theropods and sauropodomorphs. Theropods were the carnivorous dinosaurs, such as Tyrannosaurus rex and Velociraptor, that had sharp teeth, claws, and often feathers. Sauropodomorphs were the herbivorous dinosaurs, such as Brontosaurus and Diplodocus, that had long necks, tails, and often massive bodies. Ornithischians were the "bird-hipped" dinosaurs, meaning that their pelvis was similar to that of modern birds. They included several subgroups, such as stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, pachycephalosaurs, ceratopsians, and hadrosaurs. Ornithischians were mostly herbivorous dinosaurs that had various adaptations for defense or display, such as spikes, plates, horns, crests, or beaks.
The mass extinctions and the survival of birds
Dinosaurs dominated the Earth for about 165 million years, until a catastrophic event wiped them out about 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period. This event is known as the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction, and it was caused by a large asteroid impact that triggered global climate change, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, acid rain, and darkness. The impact site is located in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, and it created a crater about 200 km in diameter. The K-Pg mass extinction killed about 75% of all species on Earth, including most of the dinosaurs. However, not all dinosaurs went extinct. Some of them survived and evolved into modern birds. Birds are considered to be living dinosaurs because they share many features with their theropod ancestors, such as feathers, hollow bones, air sacs, and a wishbone.
Chapter 2: The diversity and ecology of dinosaurs
The herbivorous dinosaurs and their adaptations
Most of the dinosaurs were herbivorous or omnivorous, meaning that they ate plants or both plants and animals. Herbivorous dinosaurs had various adaptations for feeding on different types of plants. For example:
Sauropodomorphs had peg-like teeth for stripping leaves from branches. They also had large stomachs and intestines for digesting plant matter.
Stegosaurs had leaf-shaped teeth for chewing tough plants. They also had spikes on their tails for defense against predators.
Ankylosaurs had small teeth for grinding plants. They also had armor plates on their backs and clubs on their tails for protection.
Ceratopsians had sharp beaks for cutting plants. They also had horns on their heads for fighting or display.
Hadrosaurs had hundreds of teeth for grinding plants. They also had crests on their heads for communication or display.
The carnivorous dinosaurs and their hunting strategies
Carnivorous dinosaurs were the predators of the Mesozoic era. They hunted other animals for food using various strategies and adaptations. For example:
Tyrannosaurs had powerful jaws and teeth for crushing bones. They also had keen senses of smell and hearing for locating prey.
Velociraptors had curved claws and teeth for slashing flesh. They also had feathers and wings for balance or display.
Spinosaurus had long jaws and teeth for catching fish. They also had a sail on their back for thermoregulation or display.
Allosaurus had serrated teeth and claws for tearing flesh. They also had crests on their snout for display or communication.
Deinonychus had large claws and teeth for stabbing prey. They also had feathers and wings for insulation or flight.
The social behavior and communication of dinosaurs
Dinosaurs were not solitary animals. They lived in groups and communicated with each other using various signals and sounds. Social behavior and communication of dinosaurs were influenced by factors such as food availability, mating opportunities, predator pressure, and environmental conditions. For example:
Sauropodomorphs lived in herds and migrated long distances to find food. They communicated with low-frequency sounds that could travel far.
Stegosaurs lived in small groups and defended their territory from intruders. They communicated with visual signals such as tail spikes and plates.
Ankylosaurs lived in large groups and cooperated to fend off predators. They communicated with acoustic signals such as tail clubs and armor plates.
Ceratopsians lived in large herds and competed for mates. They communicated with visual signals such as horns and frills.
Hadrosaurs lived in large flocks and formed complex social structures. They communicated with vocal signals such as crests and calls.
Chapter 3: The paleobiology and paleontology of dinosaurs
The fossil record and the methods of dating
The fossil record is the evidence of past life preserved in rocks. Fossils can be bones, shells, teeth, tracks, eggs, skin impressions, or coprolites (fossilized feces). Fossils can tell us about the anatomy, physiology, behavior, ecology, and evolution of dinosaurs. However, fossils are rare and incomplete, so they do not represent the full diversity and history of dinosaurs. To date fossils, paleontologists use various methods that rely on physical or chemical properties of rocks or fossils. For example:
Relative dating uses the principle of superposition, which states that older rocks are below younger rocks in a sequence of sedimentary layers.
Absolute dating uses the principle of radioactive decay, which states that unstable isotopes of elements decay at a constant rate into stable isotopes.
Biostratigraphy uses the principle of faunal succession, which states that different fossils occur in a specific order in geological time.
Magnetostratigraphy uses the principle of magnetic polarity reversal, which states that the Earth's magnetic field changes direction periodically over time.
The anatomy and physiology of dinosaurs
The anatomy and physiology of dinosaurs are the study of their body structure and function. Dinosaurs had many adaptations that enabled them to survive and thrive in various environments. For example:
Dinosaurs had a skeletal system that supported their weight and allowed them to move efficiently. They had hollow bones that reduced their mass and air sacs that increased their respiratory capacity.
Dinosaurs had a circulatory system that delivered oxygen and nutrients to their cells and removed waste products. They had a four-chambered heart that separated oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood and a high blood pressure that maintained blood flow.
Dinosaurs had a digestive system that processed food and extracted energy. They had different types of teeth that matched their diet and a long gut that increased digestion time.
Dinosaurs had a nervous system that controlled their actions and reactions. They had a large brain that coordinated their senses, movements, learning, memory, and emotions.
The biomechanics and locomotion of dinosaurs
The biomechanics and locomotion of dinosaurs are the study of how they moved and interacted with their environment. Dinosaurs had various modes of locomotion that depended on their size, shape, posture, limb structure, muscle power, speed, agility, balance, and stability. For example:
Sauropodomorphs moved on four legs (quadrupedal) and walked slowly but steadily. They used their long necks and tails to counterbalance their heavy bodies.
Stegosaurs moved on four legs (quadrupedal) and walked moderately fast but clumsily. They used their spikes and plates to deter predators and regulate temperature.
Ankylosaurs moved on four legs (quadrupedal) and walked slowly but sturdily. They used their armor and clubs to defend themselves and intimidate rivals.
Ceratopsians moved on four legs (quadrupedal) and walked fast but awkwardly. They used their horns and frills to fight and display.
Hadrosaurs moved on two or four legs (bipedal or quadrupedal) and ran swiftly and gracefully. They used their crests and calls to communicate and coordinate.
Tyrannosaurs moved on two legs (bipedal) and ran rapidly and powerfully. They used their jaws and teeth to kill and eat.
Velociraptors moved on two legs (bipedal) and ran nimbly and stealthily. They used their claws and teeth to slash and stab.
Spinosaurus moved on two or four legs (bipedal or quadrupedal) and swam skillfully and swiftly. They used their jaws and teeth to catch and eat fish.
Allosaurus moved on two legs (bipedal) and ran quickly and agilely. They used their teeth and claws to tear and rip.
Deinonychus moved on two legs (bipedal) and ran agilely and cunningly. They used their claws and teeth to stab and bite.
Conclusion
Summary of the main points
In this article, I have discussed the book Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History by David E. Fastovsky and David B. Weishampel, which is a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the scientific knowledge about dinosaurs. I have also explained how you can download this book using storrent files. I have summarized the main points of each chapter of the book, which cover the origin, evolution, diversity, ecology, paleobiology, and paleontology of dinosaurs. I have also described some of the adaptations, strategies, and behaviors of dinosaurs that made them successful animals for millions of years.
Recommendations for further reading
If you want to learn more about dinosaurs, you can check out these books:
The Rise and Fall of the Dinosaurs: A New History of a Lost World by Steve Brusatte
Dinosaur Paleobiology by Stephen L. Brusatte
The Complete Dinosaur by M.K. Brett-Surman, Thomas R. Holtz Jr., James O. Farlow
Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages by Thomas R. Holtz Jr., Luis V. Rey
Dinosaurs: How They Lived and Evolved by Darren Naish, Paul Barrett
FAQs
Here are some frequently asked questions about dinosaurs:
What does the word dinosaur mean?
The word dinosaur comes from the Greek words deinos (terrible) and sauros (lizard). It was coined by the British paleontologist Richard Owen in 1842 to describe the fossils of extinct reptiles that he studied.
How many species of dinosaurs are known?
There are about 700 species of dinosaurs that have been named so far, but there are probably many more that have not been discovered or described yet. Scientists estimate that there were thousands of species of dinosaurs that lived on Earth during the Mesozoic era.
How big were dinosaurs?
Dinosaurs ranged in size from the smallest ones, such as Microraptor, which was about 30 cm long and weighed less than 1 kg, to the largest ones, such as Argentinosaurus, which was about 40 m long and weighed about 100 tons.
Were dinosaurs warm-blooded or cold-blooded?
This is a controversial question that has not been definitively answered yet. Some scientists think that dinosaurs were warm-blooded (endothermic), meaning that they could generate their own body heat and maintain a constant temperature. Others think that dinosaurs were cold-blooded (ectothermic), meaning that they relied on external sources of heat to regulate their temperature. Some think that dinosaurs were somewhere in between, having a mixed or variable metabolism.
Why did dinosaurs go extinct?
rain, and darkness. This resulted in the extinction of about 75% of all species on Earth, including most of the dinosaurs. However, some dinosaurs survived and evolved into modern birds. 71b2f0854b